Eruptions of subglacial volcanoes may not be visible on the surface, but they can have consequences for the ice sheet. Heat from these eruptions can increase ice melting deep below the surface and weaken the overlying ice sheet — potentially leading to a feedback loop of reduced pressure from the surface and further volcanic eruptions.

The record-breaking retreat of Antarctic sea ice in 2023 has led to more frequent storms over newly exposed parts of the Southern Ocean, according to a study published last month.

Climate change is dramatically reshaping Antarctica, a continent long considered one of the most remote and stable regions on Earth. While much attention has been focused on the alarming rise in sea levels and the accelerating loss of ancient ice sheets,